| Layer Type | Data Unit | Layer | Function | Example |
| Host Layer | Data | 7. Application | Network process to application | DNS, FTP, HTTP, NFS, NTP, SMTP, SNMP, Telnet |
| Host Layer | Data | 6. Presentation | Data representation and encryption | MIME |
| Host Layer | Data | 5. Session | Interhost communication | NetBIOS |
| Host Layer | Segment | 4. Transport | End-to-end connections and reliability | TCP, UDP, SSL, TLS |
| Media Layer | Packet | 3. Network | Path determination and logical addressing | IP, ICMP, IPsec, IPX, AppleTalk |
| Media Layer | Frame | 2. Data Link | Physical addressing | ARP, Ethernet, PPP |
| Media Layer | Bit | 1. Physical | Media, signal and binary transmission | T1, DSL, 802.11a/b/g/n PHY, Ethernet, USB, Bluetooth |